Semantik renk değişmezliği

Color constancy aims to perceive the actual color of an object, disregarding the effectof the light source. Recent works showed that utilizing the semantic information inan image enhances the performance of the computational color constancy methods.Considering the recent success of the segmentation methods and the increased numberof labeled images, we propose a color constancy method that combines individualilluminant estimations of detected objects which are computed using the classes of theobjects and their associated colors. Then we introduce a weighting system that valuesthe applicability of the object classes to the color constancy problem. Lastly, weintroduce another metric expressing the detected object and how well it fits the learnedmodel of its class. Finally, we evaluate our proposed method on a popular colorconstancy dataset, confirming that each weight addition enhances the performanceof the global illuminant estimation. Experimental results show promising results,outperforming the conventional methods while competing with the state of the artmethods.--M.S. - Master of Scienc

Relationship between Hba1c and blood glucose level in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus

Within in the scope of this study, a researchwas aimed at the relationship between HbA1c markersand blood glucose levels with DM, chronic renal failureand receiving dialysis treatment.Methods: In this study, monthly glucose levels and quarterlyHbA1c markers of 131 patients (53 female, 78 male)receiving dialysis treatment in a private dialysis centerbetween January 1, 2009-July 31, 2010 were evaluatedretrospectively.Results: The average age of 131 cases was 63.3±11.2years (range, 30-91). Gender distribution of the cases: 53female (40.5%), 78 male (59.5%). While the age averageof the females was 62.2±11.2 and the males’ was64.1±11.2. The average glucose level of the females andmales have a correlation to average HbA1c (Female:p<0.001, r=0.761, Males: p<0.001, r=0.743). The averageglucose level of the both case groups have a correlationto average HbA1c (p<0.001, r=0.755). While 32.8%of the examined HbA1c results were observed underthe level 6,5%, and 67.2% of the examined results wereobserved above the level 6.5%. While 18.3% of the preprandialblood glucose levels were obtained under 126mg/dl level, and 81.3% of the results were obtained above126 mg/dl level. It has been observed that the mean bloodglucose level has a correlation to average HbA1c level.Conclusion: The measurement of HbA1c and blood glucose(pre-prandial and postprandial) and the correlationbetween them, by virtue of the fact that, are vitally importantin cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, monitorof DM for the dialysis patients with diabetic nephropathy.Key words: Hemodialysis, diabetes mellitus, HbA1

Determination of planogram compliance with image processing techniques

Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2020Tez (Yüksek Lisans)-- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2020Planogramlar perakende mağazalarında ürünlerin ideal raf dizilimlerini ve yerleşim planını belirleyen modellerdir. Ürünlerin planograma uygun olarak dizilmesi perakende mağazasının karlılığına ve gelirine pozitif etki yapmaktadır. Bu planogramlar, pek çok analist ve stratejistin kullanıcı deneyimleri, insan psikolojisi, tüketici alışkanlıkları, satış istatistikleri ve buna benzer pek çok faktörü değerlendirmesi sonucunda oluşturulmaktadır. Örneğin bir mağazada şekerleme reyonunun kasaya yakın tutulması, promosyonlu ürünlerin dikkat çekici afişlerle vurgulanması bu planogram çalışmasının bir parçasıdır. Pek çok mağaza bir planograma bağlı olarak raf yerleşimlerini yapmaktadır. Fakat mağazalarda planograma uygun olarak dizilen ve yerleştirilen ürünlerin zaman içinde dizilimi bozulmakta ve ürünler düzen dışına çıkmaktadır. Buna müşterilerin inceledikleri ürünü aldıkları yere geri bırakmaması, ürünün stoğunun bitmesi veya raftaki ürünlerin düşmesi ya da yönünün değişmesi gibi pek çok faktör sebep olabilmektedir. Tüm bu sebeplerden kaynaklı planogram bozulmasının takibini çoğunlukla mağaza personeli yapmaktadır. Bu oldukça maliyetli bir iştir. Çoğu mağazada, mağaza personelinin müşterilere ve mağazanın işlerine ayırdığı zamanın dışında ek olarak bu sorumluluğu üstlenmesi gerekmektedir. Personeller önce tüm raflara ait planogramları bulduktan sonra bu planogramları referans alarak mağazadaki rafları tek tek tarayıp uyumsuzluk olup olmadığını tespit etmeye çalışmaktadır. Mağazadaki raf ve ürün sayısı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda ne denli zahmetli ve hataya açık bir iş olduğu aşikardır. Günümüzde görüntü elde etme imkanları oldukça yaygınlaşmış ve pek çok cihazın içine kamera ya da fotoğraf makinesi yerleştirilebilir hale gelmiştir. Ayrıca artık neredeyse herkesin cebinde fotoğraf çekebilme ve video kaydedebilme özellikli akıllı telefonlar bulunmaktadır. Raf görüntülerinin belirli periyotlarla bu cihazlar aracılığı ile alınıp kaydedildiği ve bu görüntüler üzerinde görüntü işleme teknikleri ile raflardaki ürünlerin ve konumlarının tespit edilebildiği bir sistem planogram uyumluluğunun insan gücü olmaksızın teknoloji odaklı tespit edilmesini sağlayacaktır. Görüntü işleme teknikleri ve makine öğrenmesi algoritmalarının iç içe kullanıldığı bilgisayarlı görüntü analizlerinde yüksek başarı oranı ile nesne tanıma çalışmaları yapılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, mağazadan elde edilen referans planogram, mağazada anlık gözlemlenen raf görüntüleri ve rafta yer alan ürünlerin tekli referans görüntüleri kullanılarak, görüntü işleme teknikleri yardımıyla planogram uyumluluğunun tespiti üzerine bir sistem geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Planogramdaki ve gözlenen raflardakiürünler görüntü işleme teknikleri yardımıyla, SIFT ve SURF öznitelik eşleştirme yöntemleri ile tespit edilerek ve bu tespit edilen ürünlerin birbirleri ile oluşturdukları komşuluk matrisleri kullanılarak planogram uyumluluğu tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Planogram uyumluluğunun teknoloji odaklı bir yöntemle tespit edilmesiyle perakende mağazalarında verimlilik artışı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir. Mağaza personellerinin asıl sorumluluğunun yanında takip etmeye çalıştığı planogram uyumluluğu teknoloji yardımıyla tespit edildiğinde, personeller müşterilere daha fazla vakit ayırıp asıl sorumluluklarına odaklanabileceklerdir. Bunun yanında planogram uyumluluğu da insan takibine kıyasla daha yüksek bir doğruluk oranıyla ve düşük maliyetle takip edilebilecektir.Planograms are models that determine the ideal shelf arrangement and layout of products in retail stores. Arrangement of products in accordance with the planogram has a positive effect on the profitability and income of the retail store. These planograms are created as a result of many analysts and strategists evaluating user experiences, human psychology, consumer habits, sales statistics and many other factors. For example, keeping the candy aisle close to the counter in a store and emphasizing promotional products with remarkable posters are part of this planogram study. Many retailer make shelf layouts depending on a planogram. However, the products arranged and placed in stores in accordance with the planogram are disordered over time and the products go out of order. This can be caused by a number of factors, such as customers failure to return the product they are examining to, where the product has run out of stock, or if products on the shelf have fallen or changed direction. All these reasons are mostly monitored by store personnel. This is quite costly. In most stores, store personnel are additionally required to take on this responsibility beyond the time they devote to customers and the work of the store. First of all, the personnel find the planograms of the shelves and then try to find out if there is any inconsistency by scanning these shelves one by one. Considering the number of shelves and products in the store, it is obvious how troublesome and errorprone this job is. Nowadays, the possibilities of image acquisition have become widespread and camera can be placed in many devices. In addition, smartphones are now available in almost everyone's pocket for taking photos and recording videos. Thus, a system that is able to take and record shelf images by such devices at certain periods and process these images by image processing techniques to detect products and their positions on the shelves will allow automatic planogram compliance checking without manpower. In computer vision systems where image processing techniques and machine learning algorithms are nested, object recognition studies can be performed with high success rate. In this study, a system is being developed to determine the planogram compliance. The system, involving image processing techniques, uses reference planograms, shelf images observed in the store and single reference images of the products on the shelf. With the help of image processing techniques, the products in the planogram and the observed shelves were determined by SIFT and SURF attribute matching methods and the planogram compatibility was tried to be determined by using adjacent matrices created by these determined products. By determining the compatibility of planogram with a technology-oriented method, it is aimed to increase productivity in retail stores. When the planogram compatibility that the store staff tries to follow besides its main responsibility is determined with the help of technology, the staff will be able to devote more time to the customers and focus on their main responsibilities. In addition, planogram compatibility can be followed with higher accuracy and lower costs compared to human tracking. In this study, a system capable of determining planogram compatibility for the shelves in retail stores has been developed by making use of only reference planogram, observed shelf image and a model image information for each product. It is an important achievement that such a study can be done with the image processing techniques used in the system without requiring a large amount of data. In studies using deep learning techniques such as CNN used in object recognition systems, although the high success rate is generally achieved, the amount of data needed to start the study is very large and this large data set requires the tagging effort to include the test classes that are intended to be classified, so that it can be wider to use this method. it requires time and more effort. The thesis study consists of five sections. In the introduction section, which is the first part of the thesis, a detailed definition of the problem that is the subject of the thesis study has been made. The purpose of the study is mentioned and the feasibility and cost of the solution that can be developed for the problem are mentioned. In the literature research section, which is the second part of the thesis, the concept of planogram is examined and its purpose and gains and planogram compatibility are discussed. In other words, the importance and components of planogram compatibility are mentioned and what problems can be contributed to the solution of retail stores. In addition, the difficulties in the implementation of the planogram are explained and the suggestions about the solutions that can be developed are mentioned. The methods and algorithms used in image processing and computer imaging techniques are mentioned in detail. Object recognition algorithms used in image processing are expected to give different results depending on factors such as the quality of the images, the light of the environment, and the differences in perspective of the images to be compared. In order to reduce the error detection scenarios related to these factors, the algorithm that works best with the conditions of the situation should be selected. By using normalization processes such as filtering of noises other than the products sought in the images used as inputs, it may positively affect the stability and success rate of the system. In the third part of the thesis, the methods used for product recognition on store shelves are mentioned. The algorithm details of each method are mentioned. The methods were compared with each other and the pros and cons were evaluated. In the fourth section of the thesis proposed method, the solution tried to be developed in order to ensure planogram compatibility is mentioned. The steps of the designed method are explained in detail, and a flow diagram summarizing the system's operation is presented. In the experimental study and results section, which is the fifth section of the thesis, the details and results of the application designed using the method detailed in the third section are mentioned. In the experimental study, planogram and shelf compatibility were tried to be determined by using image processing techniques. The location of the products was determined on the images taken under appropriate conditions and neighborhood matrices were calculated. By comparing the neighbor matrices of the rack and planogram, planogram compliance or incompliance was determined. In the last section of study, further researches and possible improvement has been mentioned. The determination of planogram compliance with the help of technology will have direct effects such as more efficient use of human resources and cost savings in stores and markets that work with the rack layout. By maintaining planogram compliance, its indirect effect on sales will be better measurable.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Design and manufacturing of a V-type Stirling engine with double heaters

Under the consideration of the solar energy potential of Turkey, a V-type Stirling engine having two heaters was designed, optimized and then manufactured. The prototype engine was tested in laboratory condition using an electrical heating system. Tests were conducted within the temperature range of 650-1000 °C with 50 °C increments. The pressure ranged from the ambient value to 2 bar with 0.5 bar increments at each stage of temperature. The maximum power was obtained at 950 °C and 1.0 bar charge pressure as 118 W.Stirling engines Double displacer Helium Charge pressure

Romatoid Artrit ve Ankilozan spondilitte vitamin D’nin hastalık aktivitesi ile ilişkisi

Amaç: Vitamin D eksikliğinin, romatoid artrit (RA) ve ankilozan spondilit (AS) gibi otoimmun hastalıklarda başlatıcı bir neden mi yoksa hastalık aktivitesiyle ilişkili mi olduğu hala merak edilen bir konudur. Çalışmamızın amacı, Th1 baskın hastalıklardan olan RA ve AS hastalarında serum vitamin D seviyeleri ile hastalık aktiviteleri arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamız, retrospektif olarak 92 RA’li hasta, 100 AS’li hasta ve 62 sağlıklı kontrolün dosyalarından elde edilmiş bilgileri içermektedir. Çalışmaya alınanların yaşı, cinsiyeti, hastalık süreleri, kullandığı ilaçlar, vitamin D seviyeleri, kalsiyum, C-reaktif protein (CRP) ve eritrosit sedimentasyon hızı (ESH) değerleri kayıt edildi. Hastalık aktiviteleri RA’li hastalarda hastalık aktivite skoru-28 (DAS28) ile, AS’li hastalarda ise bath ankilozan spondilit hastalık aktivite indeksi (BASDAİ) ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Vitamin D seviyeleri tüm gruplarda düşüktü. AS hastalarında, vitamin D seviyeleri ile BASDAİ, ESH ve CRP arasında istatiksel olarak negatif korelasyon yoktu (sırasıyla, r=-0.059, p=0.560, r=-0.072, p=0.473, r=-0.112, p=0.268). RA’li hastalarda ise vitamin D düzeyi ile DAS28 arasında anlamlı negatif korelasyon yoktu (r=-0.090, p=0.392). Tartışma: Çalışmamızda, tüm gruplarda vitamin D seviyeleri düşük bulundu ve bu vitamin D eksikliğinin, RA ve AS’in etyolojisinden ziyade hastalık aktivitesi ile ilişkili olabileceğini akla getirmektedir.Aim: Vitamin D deficiency in autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS), whether an initiator cause or associated with disease activity is still wondered. The aim of our study is to investigate the association between serum vitamin D levels and disease activity in subjects with RA and AS which are known to be Th1 dominant diseases. Material and Method: The study included the data of 92 patients with RA, 100 patients with AS and 62 healthy controls, which were retrospectively obtained from the patient files. The age, gender, duration of the disease, medications, levels of vitamin D, calcium, C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were recorded. Disease activities were evaluated by Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) in patients with RA and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Index (BASDAI) in patients with AS. Results: Vitamin D levels were low in all groups. In AS patients, there was no statistical negative correlation among vitamin D levels and BASDAI, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (r=-0.059, p=0.560, r=-0.072, p=0.473, r=-0.112, p=0.268, respectively). In RA patients, there was also no significant negative correlation between vitamin D levels and DAS28 (r=-0.090, p=0.392). Discussion: In our study, low serum vitamin D levels were found in all groups, and it is suggested that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with the disease activity rather than the etiology of RA and AS

Tiroid nodülleri

Tiroid nodülleri tiroid bezinin sık görülen hastalığıdır. Prevalansı yaşla ve iyot eksikliği ile artmakla birlikte son yıllarda başka nedenlerle yapılan görüntüleme tekniklerinde saptanması farkındalığı da arttırmıştır. Tiroid nodüllerinin tanınıp araştırılmasındaki gereklilik bunların malignite potansiyellerinin olmasıdır. Hastalar genellikle boyunda fark ettikleri şişlik nedeniyle başvururlar. Tiroid fonksiyonları değerlendirilmeli beraberinde ultrasonografi ile nodülün özellikleri (boyutu, sayısı, ekojenitesi, kenar özellikleri, kanlanma düzeni) ortaya konulmalıdır. Nodülün klinik ve morfolojik özelliklerine göre tiroid ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsisi (TİİAB) gerekliliği değerlendirilir. İhtiyaç halinde diğer görüntüleme tekniklerinden (Elastosonografi, Bilgisayarlı Tomografi, Magnetik Rezonans, Radyonüklid görüntüleme) faydalanılabilir. Klinik, radyolojik ve TİİAB sonucu birlikte değerlendirilerek nodülün tedavisine ya da izlenmesine karar verilir

Prevalence of carotid artery calcification on panoramic radiographs in patients with renal stones

Aim: To determine the prevalence of carotid artery calcification (CAC) detected in routine dental radiography (PRs) in patients with kidney stones (KSs) and to investigate the relationship between CAC-atherosclerosis and KSs. Materials and methods: A total of 108 patients with renal stones were included in the present study. A history of renal colic, with confirmed hematuria and voiding of the calculus, radiographic evidence of KSs, or previous surgical and endoscopic removal of KSs, was used to define the nephrolithiasis. KS patients were evaluated by PR in terms of the presence of CAC. Subjects with either unilateral or bilateral CAC on these radiographs were identified. Results: Of the 108 patients included in the data analysis, 18 (16.6%) were detected as having CAC upon PR; of these, there were 8 males (11.5% of all males) and 10 females (25.6% of all females) (P &gt; 0.05). There was no significant difference between the patients with CAC and the patients without CAC in any aspect of biochemical parameters, and also in the history of predisposing factors (P &gt; 0.05). The CAC prevalence (16.6%) was significantly higher in patients with KSs when compared to the normal population (5.06%) in our previous study (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Our study shows that CAC is significantly higher in patients with KSs when compared to the normal population. This study may draw the attention of clinicians to the fact that patients with KSs should be evaluated further for atherosclerosis and treated for vascular risk factors

SEVERE GENERALIZED MORPHEA: A DEVASTATING EVENTUALITY IN THE ELDERLY

WOS: 000276780900009Morphea is a localized form of scleroderma characterized by sclerotic skin plaques. It is an uncommon fibrotic reaction limited to the skin and adjacent structures which is unaccompanied by visceral involvement. Although its cause is unknown; genetic, infectious and autoimmune mechanisms have been suggested in morphea. It is more common among children and young women. Topical corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids methotrexate, penicillamin and topical tacrolimus 0.1% are used in treatment. UVA1 (340-450 nm) phototherapy may also be helpful. In this report we present a 72 year old man with severe generalized morphea. Besides dwelling on its etiopathogenesis, we are also touching upon the impact of the disease on this geriatric patient's functional and psychosocial capabilities

SEVERE GENERALIZED MORPHEA: A DEVASTATING EVENTUALITY IN THE ELDERLY

WOS: 000276780900009Morphea is a localized form of scleroderma characterized by sclerotic skin plaques. It is an uncommon fibrotic reaction limited to the skin and adjacent structures which is unaccompanied by visceral involvement. Although its cause is unknown; genetic, infectious and autoimmune mechanisms have been suggested in morphea. It is more common among children and young women. Topical corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids methotrexate, penicillamin and topical tacrolimus 0.1% are used in treatment. UVA1 (340-450 nm) phototherapy may also be helpful. In this report we present a 72 year old man with severe generalized morphea. Besides dwelling on its etiopathogenesis, we are also touching upon the impact of the disease on this geriatric patient's functional and psychosocial capabilities

Pregnancy with cabergoline treatment in a woman with bromocriptine resistant macroprolactinoma : case report

Bromokriptin ve kabergolin prolaktinoma tedavisinde kullanılan en yaygın dopamin agonistleridir. Dopamin agonistlerine direnç %10-15 civarında görülmektedir. Kliniğimize amenore ve baş ağrısı şikayeti ile başvuran 19 yaşında kadın hastaya yapılan tetkikler sonucu makroprolaktinoma tanısı konuldu. Başlangıç tedavisine kabergolin ile yanıt alınan hastanın takibinde gebelik istemi olması nedeniyle ilacı kesilip bromokriptin tedavisine geçildi. Bromokriptin 15 mg/gün yaklaşık 1 yıl kullanan hastada tedaviye cevapsızlık görüldüğü için bromokriptin direnci düşünülerek kabergolin tedavisine tekrar geçildi. Kabergolin tedavisi altında gebelik oluşan bu vakada, bromokriptin direncinin makroprolaktinoma takip ve tedavisini güçleştirebileceği ve direnç gelişen hastalarda alternatif ilaçlara geçilerek başarının sağlanabileceği vurgulanmak istenmiştir.Bromocriptine and cabergoline are the most preferred dopamine agonists in the therapy of prolactinomas. Primary resistance to dopamine agonists is usually seen in 10-15 % of the patients. Here, we described a case of a 19 year-old woman who was presented with amenorrhea and headache and then was diagnosed with macroprolactinoma. She was initially treated with cabergoline with a perfect response. We had switched cabergoline to bromocriptine because of the desire for pregnancy. After one year of 15 mg/day of bromocriptine treatment, the patient reported irregular menses with elevated prolactin levels. There with we changed bromocriptine to cabergoline because the cabergoline response was perfect at the beginning. We would like to emphasize that the resistance to bromocriptine therapy is not uncommon and may complicate the follow up of the patients with prolactinomas and in case of resistance, it is important to keep in mind to switch agents